Livermorium
[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁴ · 2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 32 · 18 · 6
An element named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, whose physicists supplied targets and shared the analysis for the Dubna syntheses. Livermorium sits under polonium and is calculated to be a metal.
3D model
Bohr model: nucleus and electron shells from the real configuration. Valence electrons are highlighted.
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Atomic properties
- Atomic number
- 116
- Atomic mass
- 293 а.е.м. ≈
- Electron configuration
- [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁴
- Electrons per shell
- 2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 32 · 18 · 6
- Block
- p-block
- Group
- Chalcogens
- Period
- 7
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- no data
- Electronegativity (Allen)
- no data
- Atomic radius
- no data
- Covalent radius
- 175 pm
- Van der Waals radius
- no data
- Ionisation energy 1
- 663.9 kJ/mol ≈
- Electron affinity
- 74.9 kJ/mol ≈
- Common oxidation states
- +2
- Oxidation states
- +2, +4
Physical properties
- State at 25 °C
- solid
- Density
- 12.9 g/cm³ ≈
- Melting point
- 700 K · 426.9 °C ≈
- Boiling point
- 1 100 K · 826.9 °C ≈
- Speed of sound
- no data
Thermal properties
- Heat of fusion
- no data
- Heat of vaporisation
- no data
- Specific heat capacity
- no data
- Thermal conductivity
- no data
Mechanical properties
- Young's modulus
- no data
- Shear modulus
- no data
- Bulk modulus
- no data
- Poisson ratio
- no data
- Mohs hardness
- no data
- Brinell hardness
- no data
Electrical and magnetic properties
- Electrical resistivity
- no data
- Magnetic ordering
- no data
- Curie point
- no data
- Néel point
- no data
- Superconducting point
- no data
Crystal structure
- Crystal structure
- no data
- Lattice constants
- no data
Abundance
- In the crust
- 0 mg/kg
- In the ocean
- 0 mg/L
- In the universe
- 0 mg/kg
- In the human body
- 0 mg/kg
Isotopes
| Isotope | Abundance | Half-life | Decay mode |
|---|---|---|---|
| 292Lv | — | 0.013 s | α |
| 293Lv | — | 0.057 s | α |
Livermorium-293, half-life about 57 milliseconds, is the longest-lived known isotope.
Discovery
- Year of discovery
- 2000
- Discovered by
- JINR and Lawrence Livermore
- Where
- Dubna, Russia
- Origin of the name
- after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
History
JINR and Livermore synthesised element 116 in 2000 by bombarding curium-248 with calcium-48 ions. The name was confirmed in 2012, alongside flerovium.
Where it occurs
Absent from nature.
How it is produced
By nuclear fusion: curium-248 bombarded with calcium-48 ions.
Role in living things
No biological role.
Safety
Only single atoms are ever handled.
Uses
Fundamental research
Curiosities
- Moscovium was originally proposed for this element, and eventually went to element 115 instead.
- Livermorium decays to flerovium and that to copernicium: one chain confirms three elements.
- Lawrence Livermore took part in discovering six elements of the table.
- Calculations put livermorium's melting point at around 700 K.