-es

Meanings

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as:
2. ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)
3. j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
4. s: bus→buses, Jones → Joneses; waltz → waltzes; yes → yeses.
5. x: box→boxes; crux → cruces
6. z: buzz → buzzes
7. sh: ash→ashes
8. Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y
9. Used to form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o
10. Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in /sp/, /st/, /sk/

1. Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:
2. that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
3. that end in (s)s: miss → misses, yes → yesses; bus → buses; buss → busses
4. that end in x: tax → taxes; rendezvous → rendezvouses.
5. that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes;
6. that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)
7. that end in sh: wish→wishes
8. that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)

1. Possessive marker; see -s, -'s.

Etymology

From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.