-ed

Meanings

1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

1. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.
2. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.

Etymology

From Middle English -ed, by apocope from -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending). During the Middle English period, this ending absorbed the class 1 weak past endings (-de, -don) through morphological leveling. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”). See -t for the devoiced variant.